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Unlike many languages that are formed out of pure necessity or research, Ruby s birth partly came from a sense of frustration with existing languages. Despite the presence of so many established programming languages, a plucky Japanese computer scientist felt development was becoming ever more complex and tiresome, and decided some fun had to be injected into the world of programming languages.

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Ruby began life in Japan as the creation of Yukihiro Matsumoto, known more commonly as Matz. Unlike that of most language developers, Matz s motivation for Ruby was fun and a principle of least surprise, in order to improve overall developer productivity. He couldn t find a language that resonated with his mindset, so he took his own outlook about how programming should work and created Ruby (named after the gemstone, but a convenient homage to the Perl programming language). A longtime object-oriented programming fan, Matz felt it was the best model to adopt, but unlike other languages, such as Perl, object orientation wouldn t be an afterthought, but act as the core foundation for the whole language. Everything would be an object, and methods would fill the roles of the procedures and functions developers had come to expect in older procedural languages. As Matz himself said in a 2001 interview: I wanted a language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That s why I decided to design my own language. In December 1995, Matz released the first public alpha version of Ruby, and soon thereafter a community began to form in Japan. However, although Ruby quickly became relatively popular in Japan, it struggled to gain a foothold elsewhere.

Now that you ve sketched three photographs on the Key Point slides, use these elements to sketch a triptych, or a single slide with three vertical graphical elements placed side by side. To create a triptych on the Call to Action slide (upper left), draw two vertical lines through the slide to create three panels, and then sketch in each of the three panels a key visual detail from each of the three photographs that were sketched on the Key Point slides. As shown in Figure 7-11, sketch the numbers 1, 2, and 3 below each of the three photographs on the Call to Action slide, and sketch the corresponding numbers on each Key Point slide. As you present them in sequence, these sketches form a tight, crisp visual package across these most important slides.

Note In software development, the terms alpha, beta, and gamma, among others, are used to denote the development stage of a piece of software. An initial release that s not for general use is often called an alpha. A release that implements most of the required features, but might not be entirely tested or stable, is often called a beta, although this term is becoming muddied by the plethora of Web applications now permanently using the term beta on otherwise fully released products and services.

The items method returns all the items of the dictionary as a list of items in which each item is of the form (key, value). The items are not returned in any particular order: >>> d = {'title': 'Python Web Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0} >>> d.items() [('url', 'http://www.python.org'), ('spam', 0), ('title', 'Python Web Site')] The iteritems method works in much the same way, but returns an iterator instead of a list:

In 1996, the development of Ruby was opened up somewhat, and a small team of core developers and other contributors began to form alongside the more general community of Ruby developers. Ruby 1.0 was released on December 25, 1996. These core developers help Matz develop Ruby and submit their patches (adjustments to the code) and ideas to him. Matz continues to act as a benevolent dictator who ultimately controls the direction of the language, despite the ever-widening influence of other developers.

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Note Although developing software privately is still common, many projects are now worked upon in a